Numbers 35:21 (KJV)

What does Numbers 35:21 mean?

Numbers 35:21 says that if someone strikes another person with their hand out of hatred and the victim dies, the one who did the striking is considered a murderer and must be put to death by the avenger of blood when they encounter him. This verse sets a clear rule for cases of intentional, hostile killing.

In this part of Numbers, God is giving Moses instructions for the Israelites about how to handle cases of murder versus accidental killing. The verse draws a line between killing done in "enmity" (deliberate hostility) and accidental death, making sure that only true murderers face this severe penalty. The "revenger of blood" is a family member responsible for carrying out justice, but only in cases where guilt is clear.

The Hebrew behind Numbers 35:21

• "enmity" (אֵיבָה, 'eyvah): This word means deep hostility or hatred. Its use here shows the law is about killings done with clear, personal animosity, not accidents or self-defense.
• "smite" (נָכָה, nakah): This verb means to strike or hit. The law covers not just weapons but even a deadly blow with the hand, emphasizing intent over the tool used.
• "murderer" (רֹצֵחַ, rotseach): This term specifically refers to someone who kills intentionally and unlawfully, distinguishing them from someone who kills by accident.
• "revenger" (גָּאַל, go'el): This is the "kinsman-redeemer" or avenger of blood, a family member tasked with upholding justice. The law gives this person the right to act, but only when murder is proven.

Why Numbers 35:21 matters

• Numbers 35:21 clarifies that the law treats intentional, hateful killing as murder, even if no weapon is used, preventing murderers from escaping justice on technicalities.
• This verse helps explain the role of the "avenger of blood" in Israelite society, showing that personal vengeance was regulated and limited by law, not left to unchecked revenge.
• The distinction between murder and accidental killing in this chapter sets the stage for the later concept of cities of refuge, where those accused of manslaughter could find protection until a fair trial.