Exodus 21:12 (KJV)

What does Exodus 21:12 mean?

Exodus 21:12 states that anyone who strikes another person in a way that causes death must themselves be put to death. This verse sets out a basic law about the seriousness of taking a human life and the resulting consequence.

In this part of Exodus, God is giving laws to the Israelites through Moses after they have left Egypt. The verse addresses intentional acts of violence that lead to death, making it clear that such actions carry the highest penalty. This law is part of a larger section that lays out rules for justice and community life among the Israelites.

The Hebrew behind Exodus 21:12

• "smiteth" (נָכָה, nākhāh): This word means to strike or hit, and it can refer to a range of actions from a blow to a fatal attack. Here, it emphasizes a deliberate act that results in death.
• "man" (אִישׁ, ish): This word simply means a person or man, indicating that the law applies broadly to anyone who commits the act.
• "die" / "surely" / "death" (מוּת, muth): This word appears several times in the verse, both for the victim’s death and as the penalty ("shall be surely put to death"). The repetition underlines the seriousness and certainty of the consequence for causing another’s death.

Why Exodus 21:12 matters

• Exodus 21:12 clarifies that the law distinguishes between accidental and intentional killing, as later verses make exceptions for unintentional acts.
• The verse highlights the value placed on human life in Israelite society by requiring the ultimate penalty for murder.
• This law forms part of the foundation for later legal systems that address justice, retribution, and the protection of life.